Indicators

Who is Monitoring

Monitored by Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Planning, Economy and Empowerment (Monitoring of National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty – NSGRP, also known as MKUKUTA)

How is it Monitored

• Crop productivity aggregated at four governance levels: village, district, regional and national
• Shifting arable land with changes in temperature and precipitation as detailed in the National Investment Centre (NIC) and NAPA documents
• Changes in cropping patterns (mono-crop vs. mixed) farming, timing (earlier or later), crop types, seed varietiesfertilizers, pesticides and herbicides
• Percentage change in food crop production Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security (MAFS)
• Percentage of smallholders using modern methods of farming (irrigation, fertilizers and improved seeds) National Bureau of Statistics (NBS)
• Percentage of households whose main income is derivfrom harvesting, processing and marketing of natural resources products National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) or Ministry of Natural Resources and
• Percentage of smallholders who have one or more off-farm income generating activities National Burea of Statistics
• Percentage of smallholders who accessed formal credits for agricultural purpose (NBS)

Who is Monitoring

Tanzania Forest Services and National Bureau of Statistics HBS/National Census

How is it Monitored

• Revenues from sale of forest products
• Information related to illegal activities and changes in forest utilization
• Percentage change in proportion of rural households reliance on forest products
• Adoption of alternative livelihood activities

Who is Monitoring

Ministry of Planning, Economy and Empowerment, Ministry of Energy and Tanzania Forest Service

How is it Monitored

• Percentage increase in number of customers connected to the national grid and off-grid sources of electricity Ministry of Energy and Minerals (MEM), National/Stations
• Percentage of households in rural and urban areas using alternative sources of energy to wood fuel (including charcoal) as their main source for cooking NBS
• Energy generation capacity by source (hydro, wind, solar, gas)
• Percentage of population connected to the national grid
• National energy generation capacity
• Number of projects/programs on alternative energy sources
• Proportion of households dependent on forests for energy resources

Who is Monitoring

Tanzania Forest Service

How is it Monitored

• Hectares of land under forest fire annually

Roads generally result in increased deforestation and degradation (Nepstad et al. 2001). They make the transport of goods possible and economically viable, linking resources and producers to markets at lower costs

A large proportion of the population depends on forests in some way for their livelihoods or for their fuelwood, this consequently puts pressure on forests and land

Agents and Indirect Causes

• Increased demand for agricultural products (tobacco, cotton, soybeans)
• Infrastructure expanding
• Political factors

Main degradation activities

• Selective wood cutting
• Firewood collection
• Hunting
• Pastures
• Fires

Main deforestation activities

• Large-scale production of sugarcane. producing vegetables, corn, soybeans, bananas
• Small scale agriculture in a Outgrowing-system cotton, cashew, tobacco

Results

• Deforestation for establishing the commercial agriculture and forest degradation

Agents and Indirect Causes

• Population Growth
• Increased domestic Demand for agricultural product
• Technological Development

Main degradation activities

• Selective wood cutting
• Firewood collection
• Hunting
• Pastures
• Fires

Main deforestation activities

• Shifting cultivation
• Yield crops
• Residential Areas

Results

• Deforestation for itinerant agriculture and Forest Degradation

Agents and Indirect Causes

• The increasing international demand for wood and its derivatives
• Political factors and governance
• Population growth

Main degradation activities

• Illegal logging
• Firewood collection
• Selective cutting

Main deforestation activities

• Forest concessions (native wood)
• Forest Plantations

Results

• Deforestation for or extraction of timber and products derivates and Forest Degradation

Agents and Indirect Causes

• Population Growth
• Infrastructure expansion
• Increased energy needs

Main degradation activities

• Firewood collection
• Coal Production
• Collection

Main deforestation activities

• Firewood collection and unsustainable charcoal production
• Expansion of housing and infrastructure areas

Results

• Deforestation by accumulation of impact over time collecting firewood and charcoal production and Forest Degradation

Agents and Indirect Causes

• Population Growth
• Economic Factors
• Migration urban rural areas
• Tourism
• Political Factors

Main degradation activities

Main deforestation activities

• Infrastructure expansion (eg roads, housing, tourist accommodation)
• Industry expanding

Results

• Deforestation for establishing urban Forest Degradation

Agents and Indirect Causes

• Increasing international demands for minerals
• Job search/migration

Main degradation activities

Main deforestation activities

• Mineral extraction
• Settlements in residential areas
• Infrastructure for exploration and flow

Results

• Deforestation related to mineral extraction Forest Degradation

Agents and Indirect Causes

• Standard increase in the local population consumption
• Animal products for domestic consumption
• Technological Development

Main degradation activities

• Pastures of small scale and in wooded areas
• Firewood Production
• Hunting
• Fires

Main deforestation activities

• Extensive grazing of cattle

Results

• Deforestation r elated to the creation of cattle, goats, swine, birds and Forest Degradation

Population growth

Direct Drivers

• Inadequate application of basic silvicultural and ecological principles for forest management
• Tragedy of the commons resulting in conflicts over natural resources

Indirect Drivers

• Inadequate integration of the forest sector with other stakeholders
• Unclear forest responsibilities and weak conflict-management capacity
• Weak forest governance and institutions
• Corruption, illegal logging, weak enforcement
• Inadequate benefit sharing from forest resources
• Diverse perceptions of importance of forests
• Communal land tenure systems and their application
• Lack of private ownership, unclear tenure and access to forest resources

Direct Drivers

• Overgrazing and inadequate regulation of grazing in forest reserves and community lands

Indirect Drivers

• More focus shifted to water towers, paying less attention to dryland woodlands, including the coastal and riparian forests

Direct Drivers

• Clearing of forest for agriculture
• Degradation of forest
• Charcoal and fuel wood from unsustainable production
• Infrastructure and urbanisation
• Conversion of communal forest to agriculture
• Mining within forest areas
• Illegal logging

Indirect Drivers

• Demand is higher than supply
• Heavy bureaucracy and poor efficiency obstructing competitiveness
• Limited knowledge of tree growing (and necessary silviculture) as an enterprise
• Poverty, high prices for agriculture products, subsidised fertiliser, tax exemption for certain agricultural machinery resulting in unhealthy competition for land
• Fixed timber prices at low levels
• Rapidly increasing population has heightened the demand for land
• Few or no livelihood options have created over dependence on agriculture and mounting pressure on forest lands

Direct Drivers

• Poor uptake of new technologies
• Poor awareness of deforestation impacts
• Poor knowledge of tree planting

Indirect Drivers

• Uncertain availability of timber and wood for processing enterprises
• Low investment in wood processing resulting in ineffective processing

Direct Drivers

• Unsustainable utilisation, including overgrazing
• Conflict at multiple levels
• Fires are deliber ate, accidental, poorly managed and they destroy forests
• Wildlife damage impacting regeneration

Indirect Drivers

• Traditional farming methods in a context of increased population and overstocking of animals